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№ 2/2020
САЛІХОВА Олена Борисівна1, ГОНЧАРЕНКО Дар’я Олегівна2
1ДУ "Інститут економіки та прогнозування НАН України"
2Міністерство розвитку економіки, торгівлі та сільського господарства України
Economy and forecasting 2020; 2:105-119 | https://doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.02.105 |
АНОТАЦІЯ ▼
Ключові слова:
Стаття англійською мовою (cтор. 105 - 119) | Завантажити | Завантажень : 589 |
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ ▼
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№ 4/2020
САЛІХОВА Олена Борисівна1, ГОНЧАРЕНКО Дар’я Олегівна2
1ДУ "Інститут економіки та прогнозування НАН України"
2Міністерство розвитку економіки, торгівлі та сільського господарства України
ФАРМАЦЕВТИКА УКРАЇНИ: ВІД ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ДО ЕНДОГЕННОГО РОЗВИТКУ
Economy and forecasting 2020; 4:5-33 | https://doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.04.005 |
АНОТАЦІЯ ▼
Обґрунтовано теоретико-прикладні засади розбудови високотехнологічних фармацевтичних виробництв (ВТФВ); встановлено, що ключовою проблемою країн, які розвиваються, у цій сфері є залежність від ресурсів та ринків розвинених країн, а залучення передових іноземних технологій може стати каталізатором нарощування технологічного потенціалу ВТФВ приймаючих країн за умови активної державної політики з посилення абсорбційної здатності галузі до інновацій, нагромадження знань та людського капіталу, змін інституційного середовища, покращення рамкових умов для інновацій. У контексті розбудови ВТФВ показано значення мережевого характеру набуття фармкомпаніями стійких конкурентних переваг, що базуються на ресурсах, які складно зімітувати або замістити; обґрунтовано, що мережі, вибудовані із місцевими науковими установами, ЗВО, дослідницькими підрозділами інших компаній, дають фармвиробникам можливість отримати доступ до комплементарних активів і стають їх специфічним ресурсом, що забезпечує унікальні конкурентні переваги.
Виявлено методико-статистичні особливості категоризації індустрій за рівнем технологічності в умовах глобалізації; обґрунтовано, що сьогоднішнє низьке значення співвідношення витрат на дослідження і розробки (ДіР) та доданої вартості фармацевтики окремих країн не є ознакою її невисокої технологічності, оскільки отримані нині доходи галузі є результатом довготривалих ДіР та узгоджувальних процедур із виведення на ринок нових лікарських засобів із лагом у 10–15 років. Запропоновано новий інструмент дослідження міжнародної торгівлі високотехнологічними фармацевтичними товарами, особливість якого полягає у категоризації номенклатурних позицій за кінцевим використанням; сформовано Перелік високотехнологічних медичних та фармацевтичних проміжних товарів – ВТ ФПТ (за SITC Rev.4 та УКТ ЗЕД); запропоновано показники: коефіцієнт імпортозалежності фармацевтичного виробництва, "очищений" експорт фармацевтичних товарів та коефіцієнт покриття імпорту ВТ ФПТ, подано формули їх обчислення. Авторський підхід уперше надав можливість оцінити масштаби витрат та залежність фарміндустрії від імпортних компонентів, що втілюють передові технології та є вихідними для ВТФВ.
Виявлено, що в Україні частка іноземних проміжних високотехнологічних товарів у споживанні галузі сягає 82,2%; галузь, працюючи на імпортних субстанціях, виготовляє переважно продукцію для внутрішнього ринку, не заробляючи у валюті навіть для покриття видатків на придбання необхідних інгредієнтів; виробники не спираються на синтезовані хімічні продукти вітчизняного виробництва передусім через те, що продуктів хімічної індустрії для потреб фармацевтики в Україні вже практично немає; нарощування обсягів виробництва відбувається під впливом іноземних технологій та проміжних товарів. Обґрунтовано, що фармацевтичне виробництво має критичну залежність від імпортних поставок для забезпечення безперебійної роботи підприємств та галузі охорони здоров'я.
Виявлено ключові ендогенні бар'єри, що перешкоджають розвитку ВТФВ, серед яких – проблеми у підготовці фахівців та брак вчених, компетенції яких сприятимуть вирішенню завдань ендогенного розвитку галузі; відсутність державної допомоги суб’єктам господарювання на проведення наукових досліджень, технологічну та інноваційну діяльність; брак власних коштів для нарощування видатків на ДіР та реалізацію масштабних інвестиційно-інноваційних проєктів; брак дешевих кредитів, через що українські фармвиробники потрапляють у нерівні умови порівняно із іноземними конкурентами.
Запропоновано концептуальні засади розбудови ВТФВ в Україні; обґрунтовано доцільність нормативно-правових змін, визначення стратегічних пріоритетів та запровадження заходів розвитку ВТФВ в Україні на базі комплексного підходу, що охоплюватиме створення та освоєння у виробництві: фармацевтичних інгредієнтів для лікарських засобів (хімічних та біотехнологічних товарів), медичних виробів, наповнювачів, пакувальних матеріалів, машин та обладнання для фармацевтики, – це сприятиме зменшенню залежності від іноземних технологій, підвищенню рівня локалізації виробництва, зайнятості та надходжень до бюджетів усіх рівнів.
Публікацію підготовлено в рамках цільової комплексної програми наукових досліджень НАН України "Макроперспективи ендогенізації економічного розвитку України" (державний реєстраційний № 0117U006435).
Ключові слова:високотехнологічне виробництво, фармацевтика, промисловість, технології, інновації, ендогенні інновації, технологічна залежність, державна політика
Стаття англійською мовою (cтор. 5 - 33) | Завантажити | Завантажень : 309 |
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№ 3/2021
САЛІХОВА Олена Борисівна1, ГОНЧАРЕНКО Дар’я Олегівна2
1ДУ "Інститут економіки та прогнозування НАН України"
2Міністерство розвитку економіки, торгівлі та сільського господарства України
Economy and forecasting 2021; 3:88-113 | https://doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2021.03.088 |
АНОТАЦІЯ ▼
Ключові слова:
Стаття англійською мовою (cтор. 88 - 113) | Завантажити | Завантажень : 116 |
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ ▼
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Could Ukraine develop its own coronavirus vaccine. Retrieved from hromadske.ua/posts/majzhe-yak-polit-na-mars-chi-mozhe-ukrayina-stvoriti-vlasnu-vakcinu-proti-koronavirusu [in Ukrainian].
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№ 4/2022
САЛІХОВА Олена Борисівна1, КРЕХІВСЬКИЙ Олег Володимирович2
1ДУ "Інститут економіки та прогнозування НАН України"
2Секретаріат Кабінету Міністрів України
The state in the post-war industrial recovery and economic renewal: historical parallels and approaches for Ukraine…………………….
Economy and forecasting 2022; 4:5-34 | https://doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.04.005 |
АНОТАЦІЯ ▼
In 2022, Ukrainians are experiencing the most tragic events since the Second World War - the full-scale invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine has led to numerous casualties, the destruction of cities, and the disruption of infrastructure and industrial facilities. Since the first days of the war, the dependence on the industrial imports (primarily for military purposes) became obvious, as well as the fact that the ensuing socio-economic crisis cannot be overcome with domestic resources alone - both now and even after the end of the war. This prompts the search for mechanisms to ensure the stability and recovery of Ukraine\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s economy. The purpose of the article is to generalize the global experience of prioritizing the industry in the state policy of the leading countries of the world under the conditions of severe tests, to illustrate the implementation by the state of the functions speeding up economic recovery; and to propose conclusions and recommendations for Ukraine.
The article shows the place of industry in the policy of recovery, gaining economic independence and increasing the country\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s power. Using historical examples, the authors demonstrated that during 300 years the state has influenced the industry through targeted political levers and institutional frameworks, generating the optimal results of measures aimed at restructuring to overcome the consequences of wars, epidemics and crises. It is substantiated that under the severe ordeals, the state has played a leading role in economic recovery, implementing a number of functions - administration and moderation, stimulation and catalysis, integration and cooperation, entrepreneurship and consumption, conservation and protection - to speed up the development of national industry as a source of the stabilization of employment, domestic and foreign investment, inflation, foreign trade and the financial sector, contributing to national social balance and well-being. The authors propose a conceptual approach to the functions of the state during post-war recovery of Ukraine\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s economy, ensuring economic stability and growth based on the national industry.
Ключові слова:war, economic recovery, industry, state, politics, functions of the state
Стаття англійською мовою (cтор. 5 - 34) | Завантажити | Завантажень : 86 |
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ ▼
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№ 2/2023
САЛІХОВА Олена Борисівна1, КРЕХІВСЬКИЙ Олег Володимирович2
1ДУ "Інститут економіки та прогнозування НАН України"
2Секретаріат Кабінету Міністрів України
FOREIGN INVESTMENT: A PANACEA OR A THREAT
Economy and forecasting 2023; 2:7-29 | https://doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2023.02.007 |
АНОТАЦІЯ ▼
The resources of Ukrainian industry were already depleted prior to the start of Russia’s large-scale military aggression in February 2022; while the forthcoming physical destruction of manufacturing facilities and infrastructure, and the migration of qualified personnel and promising innovators further worsened the situation. Before the outbreak of war, only individual manufacturers of technologically complex products had research units, made innovation, and were able to compete in international markets. Some industries were only based on one or two companies, who mastered unique high-tech competence; these manufacturers paid taxes to budgets of all levels; provided employment, and helped to improve incomes and social stability.
At present, the resources possessed by Ukraine’s private sector are critically low; so the country’s leaders are pinning their hopes on foreign investment as a means to solve the complex postwar issues such as the restoration of basic conditions for economic growth, the promotion of stability and the creation of an enabling environment for sustainable development. The goal of the article is to demonstrate some historical examples as to the obstacles and threats of foreign direct investment for host countries, which Ukraine may face in its post-war economic recovery.
The author reveals that the foreign investments along with the well-known positive side, also have a lesser known negative side. The paper shows that transnational corporations as major investors, having economic power and political influence, have the potential not only to speed up but also to slow down the development of the host country’s companies, which can have an adverse impact on business results and lead to significant problems including the denationalization of assets, loss of technological competencies and industries, increased external dependence, and various threats to national security and economic sovereignty.
On the example of the pharmaceutical industry in Mexico, which appeared and started actively developing after the end of World War II, the key challenges and threats (caused by denationalization and transfer of production control to foreign business) are shown. The author formulates the basic warnings for Ukraine. It is substantiated that the determining factor whether foreign investment will stimulate economic modernization and structural changes or will slow down the country’s development, lead to de-industrialization, and denationalization of the economy and mass unemployment is the extent to which that investment will be integrated by the Government into national development plans, also to what extent the absorption potential of domestic economic entities will be able to implement investments and ensure their maximum effects.
Ключові слова:post-war economic recovery, foreign direct investment, transnational corporations, industry, denationalization
Стаття англійською мовою (cтор. 7 - 29) |
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ ▼
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